Charles
Trevelyan, the son of George Trevelyan, the Liberal
MP, was born in London on 28th October
1870. Charles and his brother, George Macaulay
Trevelyan, were educated at Harrow
and Trinity College, Cambridge. Charles
graduated in 1892 with a history degree.
A member of the Liberal Party, he helped
John Morley in his successful campaign
to become MP for Newcastle. Trevelyan
was rewarded by Morley when he arranged for him to become Lord Houghton's
private secretary. Houghton was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the
job involved Trevelyan working in Dublin.
Trevelyan returned to England for the 1895 General
Election but failed to win the North Lambeth seat for the Liberals.
Instead he became a co-opted member of the London School Board. He
worked closely with Sidney Webb, Beatrice
Webb, George Bernard Shaw and Graham
Wallas on the board. Trevelyan became a member of the Fabian
Society and began to develop socialistic views on social reform.
In a by-election in 1899 Trevelyan became Liberal
MP for Elland in Leeds. Following the 1906
General Election, Trevelyan was disappointed not to be offered
a post in the Liberal Government headed by Henry
Campbell-Bannerman. However, in October 1908, the new Prime Minister,
Herbert Asquith, appointed Trevelyan as
his Secretary to the Board of Education. In this post he argued strongly
for the establishment of a completely secular system of national education.
At the end of July, 1914, it became clear to the British government
that the country was on the verge of war with Germany. Four senior
members of the government, Trevelyan, David
Lloyd George, John Burns, and John
Morley, were opposed to the country becoming involved in a European
war. They informed the Prime Minister, Herbert
Asquith, that they intended to resign over the issue. When war
was declared on 4th August, three of the men, Trevelyan, Burns and
Morley, resigned, but Asquith managed to persuade Lloyd George, his
Chancellor of the Exchequer, to change his mind.
The day after war was declared, Trevelyan began contacting friends
about a new political organisation he intended to form to oppose the
war. This included two pacifist members
of the Liberal Party, Norman
Angell and E. D. Morel, and Ramsay
MacDonald, the leader of the Labour Party.
A meeting was held and after considering names such as the Peoples'
Emancipation Committee and the Peoples' Freedom League, they selected
the Union of Democratic Control.
The four men agreed that one of the main reasons for the conflict
was the secret diplomacy of people like Britain's foreign secretary,
Sir Edward Grey. They decided that the Union
of Democratic Control should have three main objectives: (1) that
in future to prevent secret diplomacy there should be parliamentary
control over foreign policy; (2) there should be negotiations after
the war with other democratic European countries in an attempt to
form an organisation to help prevent future conflicts; (3) that at
the end of the war the peace terms should neither humiliate the defeated
nation nor artificially rearrange frontiers as this might provide
a cause for future wars.
Over the next couple of years the UDC became the leading anti-war
organisation in Britain. Trevelyan wrote articles for newspapers and
gave a series of lectures on the need to negotiate a peace with Germany.
As a result of this Trevelyan was attacked in the popular press as
being a "pro-German, unpatriotic, scoundrel".
Like other anti-war MPs, Trevelyan was defeated in the 1918
General Election. Trevelyan joined the Independent
Labour Party and over the next couple of years he became a controversial
figure with his attacks on the Versailles
Treaty. Trevelyan explained his political views in his book, From
Labour to Liberalism (1921).
In the 1922 General Election Trevelyan was
elected to represent Newcastle Upon Tyne
Central. When Ramsay MacDonald became
Prime Minister in 1924 he appointed Trevelyan as his President of
the Board of Education. In the short-lived Labour
Government Trevelyan argued for a reduction in educational inequalities.
After the Labour Party lost power, Trevelyan
was the opposition spokesman on education. He also began to develop
plans for a educational policy that could be implemented by the next
Labour government. Trevelyan's plans included raising the school-leaving
age to fifteen and increased public expenditure on education. Trevelyan
also wanted a reduction in church control over education. He suggested
that the government should provide finance to Anglican
and Catholic schools in return for local
managers giving control over their teachers to the local authorities.
Following the 1929 General Election he was
once again appointed as President of the Board of Education. However,
Trevelyan's Education Bill, that included the measure of raising the
school-leaving age to fifteen, was rejected by the House
of Lords. Disillusioned with the leadership of Ramsay
MacDonald, Trevelyan resigned from office in March 1931. Trevelyan
opposed MacDonald's National Government and like most Labour MPs was
defeated in the 1931 General Election.
After his defeat in 1931 Trevelyan ceased to play an active role in
national politics. Charles Trevelyan died on 24th January 1958.
(1)
In 1895 Charles Trevelyan joined the Fabian
Society. In a letter that he wrote to his parents, Trevelyan described
a Fabian outing to Eastbourne (12th April, 1895)
We (Beatrice Webb, Sidney Webb, George Bernard Shaw, Herbert Samuel
and Graham Wallas) travelled down together yesterday. At Eastbourne,
a bus came to meet us with red wheels and a coachman in livery. Here
we have monopolized the Hotel, except the bar, which is filled with
tourists and fly men during the middle of the day. Till eleven and
after five we have the whole of Beach Head to ourselves. It is glorious
weather, and Mrs. Webb had had to borrow glycerin for her sunburn.
I am teaching the whole party to bicycle. Mrs. Webb will soon be proficient.
Mr. Webb is hopeless. Bernard Shaw is at the moment industriously
tumbling about outside.
(2)
Charles Trevelyan, letter to Caroline Trevelyan (12th April, 1895)
George Bernard Shaw is very much what I hoped and expected, excessively
talkative, genial and amusing, and not unduly aggressive or cynical.
He is not full of praise for anything or anybody - but is the perfection
of real good nature.
(3)
Charles Trevelyan, speech in Boston (1896)
I have the greatest sympathy with the growth of the socialist party.
I think they understand the evils that surround us and hammer them
into people's minds better than we Liberals. I want to see the Liberal
party throw its heart and soul fearlessly into reform so as to prevent
a reaction from the present state of things and the violent revolution
that would inevitably follow it.
(4)
Charles Trevelyan, Manifesto
to Constituents (10th December, 1909)
I wish to make it clear from the onset
that at the coming election I want support on no other understanding
that the new Parliament is to destroy once and for ever, the power
of the hereditary chamber to reverse the decisions of the representatives
of the people. The power to delay or reject supplies must be abolished,
and they must never again enjoy an absolute veto over ordinary legislation.
They have rendered fruitless the most serious work of the present
House of Commons.
(5)
Charles Trevelyan, letter to his constituents explaining why he had
resigned on the decision of the Liberal Government to declare war
on Germany (5th August 1914)
However overwhelming the victory of our navy, our commerce will
suffer terribly. In war too, the first productive energies of the
whole people have to be devoted to armaments. Cannon are a poor industrial
exchange for cotton. We shall suffer a steady impoverishment as the
character of our work exchanges. All this I felt so strongly that
I cannot count the cause adequate which is to lead to this misery.
So I have resigned.
(6)
C. P. Scott, editor of the Manchester
Guardian, wrote a letter to Charles Trevelyan suggesting that
he should not publish a pamphlet he had written that raised doubts
about the reported atrocities being committed by the Germans in Belgium
(5th September, 1914)
It would be expedient to hold back the pamphlet. The war is at present
going badly against us and any day may bring more serious news. I
suppose that as soon as the Germans have time to turn their attention
to us we may expect to see their big guns mounted on the other side
of the Channel and their Zeppelins flying over Dover and perhaps London.
People will be wholly impatient of any sort of criticism of policy
at such a time and I am afraid that premature action now might destroy
any hope of usefulness for your organisation (Union of Democratic
Control) later. I saw Angell and Ramsay MacDonald yesterday afternoon
and found that they had come to the same conclusion.
(7)
The Daily Sketch
(4th March, 1915)
Trevelyan would then have a very congenial
atmosphere - in the Reichstag. We have no time to listen to his foolish
and pernicious talk. It is a scandal that he should be in Parliament
when he continues to preach these pro-German and utterly impracticable
pacifist doctrines. Trevelyan must go.
(8)
In August 1914, George Lansbury commented
on Trevelyan's decision to resign from the government.
He must have known when he resigned that he was giving the death
blow to his career, and the courage which compels such a step is not
to be distinguished from the courage of a soldier who falls in battle.
(9)
In 1915 leading members of the Union of Democratic
Control, Charles Trevelyan, E. D. Morel
and Arthur Ponsonby considered the possibility
of joining the Independent Labour Party. Trevelyan
wrote about it to Morel on 9th July, 1915.
I am inclined that I can be more useful to the UDC by being
identified with no political party. I am clear that it would be fatal
to any progress with Liberals for anyone to take a definite step towards
political change of allegiance who is in a prominent position among
us. We cannot yet tell at all how the political situation will develop.
There is no hurry.
(10)
Robin Price, was recovering from wounds received on the Western
Front when he wrote to Charles Trevelyan in November, 1917.
I often think of you Charles and wonder how you stick it. Give
me shells any day rather than abuse.
(11)
Charles Trevelyan, speech, October 1915.
The ruling classes today nourish the conviction that national
hatreds and rivalries are inevitable. I turn for hope away from the
great and learned and rich who have had the making of the war, to
the common men and women whose only responsibility is that they left
the war to others to settle. It is only by democracy beginning to
think for itself by the putting into operation of the principles of
human brotherhood that anything can be made out of the present deplorable
embroilment but unutterable and permanent human disaster.
(12)
In a letter to his parents, Charles Trevelyan explained why he had
joined the Independent Labour Party (30 November
1918)
I have worked in close comradeship with several of the leaders of
the Labour Party for four years. But beyond that at least half of
my Liberal friends are either joining the Labour Party now or are
on the verge of joining it. At least thirty Liberal members have been
discussing the pros and cons of it for the last eighteen months. Any
amount of my private friends of the same education, and, if that matters,
social position as myself, are joining now.
(13)
Letter to Trevelyan from J. Pollack McCale, an old friend from Harrow
School (3rd February, 1918)
Do you in the utter tosh you write at a time critical for our country,
wish to turn Europe into a commune with Lenin as Prime Minister and
Ramsay MacDonald as deputy? Do you wish to introduce us to the luxuries
of Bolshevism, murder, rapine and pillage, or do you merely wish to
see you own country ruined.
(14)
George Trevelyan wrote to his son when he heard he had been appointed
Minister of Education (23rd January, 1924)
It is a great advantage indeed in any genuine and important office,
to go to a department the working of which you familiarly know. To
be the one man in a great office who knows nothing about the processes
and the one man who has to make the decisions, is a most bewildering
business. My father, even, felt it, and said that in his first fortnight
at the Treasury he saw the snakes coming out of the papers in his
dreams at night. Well, you have as long a family tradition of official
work to keep up as George has of book-writing, and I have no doubt
you will do it worthily.
(15)
H. G. Wells, letter to Charles Trevelyan,
(21st October, 1924)
I think your work for education has been of outstanding value and
that everyone who hopes for a happier, more civilised England should
vote for all, irrespective of party association. I have watched your
proceedings with close interest and I am convinced that there has
never been a better, more far sighted, harder working, and more unselfishly
devoted Minister of Education than yourself.
(16)
Charles Trevelyan believed that the Zinoviev
letter was responsible for Labour's defeat in the 1924
General Election. His friend, Francis Hirst, wrote about the matter
to him on 3rd November 1924.
I will be utterly disgusted it the Labour Cabinet timidly resign with
probing the mystery (of the Zinoviev letter) and explaining it to
Parliament. It's the biggest electoral swindle. I personally believe
you were right in denouncing it boldly as a forgery.
(17)
Charles Trevelyan, letter to Bertrand Russell
(May, 1929)
I represent a constituency swarming with Irish Catholics. I would
rather lose my seat than give the priesthood a bigger power in the
schools. I am absolutely determined that the Labour Party shall not
get into the hands of any religion, least of all Catholic.
My anchor is the appointment of teachers. If I could get that into
the hands of the public I would concede a great deal in other directions.
Scotland has dealt with the question as well and tolerably as it probably
can be. The schools are wholly in the hands of the people and teachers
are appointed by the local authority. The task is tougher in England
with the old Church of England on our back and the 6000 single school
areas.
(18)
Trevelyan believed Ramsay MacDonald
did not give him enough support in his efforts to persuade the House
of Lords to pass his 1930 Education Act. He wrote a letter to
his wife about this issue on 16th November 1930.
MacDonald detests me because I am always quite definite and won't
shirk things in the approved style. He will let me down if he possibly
can, the real wrecker (is not the House of Lords) it is MacDonald
with his timidity.
(19)
Charles Trevelyan, letter of resignation to Ramsay
MacDonald (19th February, 1931)
For some
time I have realised that I am very much out of sympathy with the
general method of Government policy. In the present disastrous condition
of trade it seems to me that the crisis requires big Socialist measures.
We ought to be demonstrating to the country the alternatives to economy
and protection. Our value as a Government today should be to make
people realise that Socialism is that alternative.
(20)
Charles Trevelyan, speech to the Parliamentary
Labour Party (19th February, 1931)
I have
for some time been painfully aware that I am utterly dissatisfied
with the main strategy of the leaders of the party. But I thought
it my duty to hold on as long as I had a definite job in trying to
pass the Education Bill. I never expected a complete breakthrough
to Socialism in this Parliament. But I did expect it to prepare the
way by a Government which in spirit and vigour made such a contrast
with the Tories and Liberals that we should be sure of conclusive
victory next time.
But the first session was a bitter disappointment. Now we are plunged
into an exampled trade depression and suffering the appalling record
of unemployment. It is a crisis almost as terrible as war. The people
are in just the mood to accept a new and bold attempt to deal with
radical evils. But all we have got is a declaration of economy from
the Chancellor of the Exchequer. We apparently have opted, almost
without discussion, the policy of economy. It implies a faith, a faith
that reduction of expenditure is the way to salvation. No comrades.
It is not good enough for a Socialist party to meet this crisis with
economy. The very root of our faith is the prosperity comes from the
high spending power of the people, and that public expenditure on
the social services is always remunerative.
Though I differ profoundly with the present leadership I have not
the slightest sympathy with the action of men like Mosley. The Labour
Party is going to be the power of the future however long it takes
to evolve leaders who know how to act. But it is as in an army. The
leaders for the time must settle the strategy. The officers who command
the battalions can retire, but they must not rebel. I have taken the
one step of protest open to me. I resign my position as an officer
and become a private soldier.
(21)
Morgan Philips Price, My Three Revolutions
(1969)
The May
Economy Committee was appointed by the Government to recommend a general
cutting down on all public expenditure. The Committee reported on
these lines during the summer of 1931 and a general sacrifice of public
works schemes was the result. In the holocaust my cousin Sir Charles
Trevelyan's Education Bill was dropped. This Bill raised
the school-leaving age by one year and gave grants to the parents
of children in their last year at school. Owing to what happened to
his Education Bill, Sir Charles resigned his office.
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